Granny's Pantry

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The questions you hit halfway through a recipe, hands covered in flour — what swaps for what, how much, and whether it will actually work. Answers first, no waffle.

Substitutes and swaps

Canola vs Vegetable Oil: What's the Difference?

Canola oil and vegetable oil are not quite the same thing, but they are interchangeable: swap one for the other 1:1 in any…

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Vanilla Extract Substitute: What to Use Instead

The best vanilla extract substitute is vanilla bean paste, swapped 1:1 — 1 tsp paste for every 1 tsp (5 ml) extract. No paste?…

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Is Heavy Cream the Same as Heavy Whipping Cream?

Yes. Heavy cream and heavy whipping cream are the same product — US labelling sets one standard for both names, at least 36%…

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Baking Powder Substitute (and What to Use Instead of Baking Soda)

The best baking powder substitute is 1/4 teaspoon baking soda (bicarbonate of soda in the UK) plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of…

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Cacao vs Cocoa: What's Actually Different

Cacao and cocoa are the same bean — Theobroma cacao — handled differently: cacao powder is cold-pressed from unroasted beans,…

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Sour Cream Substitute: What Works and What Curdles

The best all-round sour cream substitute is full-fat Greek yoghurt, used 1:1 — same thickness, same tang, a little less fat…

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Bleached vs Unbleached Flour

Bleached and unbleached flour are the same flour with a different finish, and for nearly all home baking they swap 1:1 with no…

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What Is Buttermilk?

Buttermilk today is cultured low-fat milk — tangy, slightly thick and acidic, with no butter in it. Traditionally it was the…

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Egg Substitutes for Baking

To replace one egg in baking, use a flax egg — 1 tbsp ground flaxseed mixed with 3 tbsp water, stood 5-10 minutes until gloopy…

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Sesame Oil Substitute: The Best Swaps for Toasted and Plain

The best substitute for toasted sesame oil is perilla oil or walnut oil, swapped 1:1. If you have neither, stir toasted sesame…

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What Is Creme Fraiche?

Creme fraiche (crème fraîche) is cultured cream: cream thickened by a live culture until it is spoonably soft and mildly…

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What Is Clotted Cream?

Clotted cream is a thick, spoonable cream from Devon and Cornwall, made by gently heating cream for hours until a golden crust…

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What Is Caster Sugar?

Caster sugar is the British name for superfine sugar — ordinary white granulated sugar milled to a finer grain so it dissolves…

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Basics from scratch

How to Make Vegetable Stock

To make vegetable stock, simmer a mirepoix base of onion, carrot and celery in cold water for 45 to 60 minutes, then strain.…

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How to Make Gravy

To make gravy, cook equal parts fat and flour into a roux — a "two and two" of 2 tbsp fat plus 2 tbsp flour per 250 ml (1 cup)…

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How to Make Bone Broth

Bone broth is simply stock simmered much longer. Roast your bones, start them in COLD water with a splash of vinegar, then…

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Au Jus: How to Make It from Drippings

Au jus (say it "oh-ZHOO", French for "with juice") is the thin, unthickened beef juice served with prime rib and French dip…

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Chicken Stock vs Broth: The Real Difference

Stock is simmered from bones, so it is richer in gelatin, has more body, and sets to a wobble when cold; it is usually left…

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How to Make a Roux

A roux is equal parts fat and flour by weight (roughly equal by volume too), cooked together to thicken sauces, gravies and…

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How to Roast Sweet Peppers

Blacken the skin, then steam the pepper so it lets go. Under a broiler that takes about 15 minutes with a turn every few…

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How to Frost a Cake

Level the layers, stack them with filling, then spread a thin crumb coat over the whole cake and chill it for 20 to 30…

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How to Brine a Turkey

For a wet brine, dissolve 1 cup of kosher salt per gallon of water and submerge the thawed turkey for 12 to 24 hours in the…

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How to Cook Steel Cut Oats

Use 1 part steel cut oats to 4 parts liquid. Bring the liquid to a boil, stir in the oats, then drop to a bare simmer for 25…

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How to Make White Rice

Rinse 1 cup of long-grain white rice until the water runs clear, add 1 1/2 cups of water and a pinch of salt, bring to a boil,…

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Times and temperatures

How Long to Bake Chicken: Wings, Legs, Thighs and Drumsticks

Bake chicken at 400°F (200°C): 40-45 minutes for wings, 35-45 for drumsticks and bone-in thighs, 40-50 for bone-in whole legs,…

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How Long to Cook a Ham (Times and Temps by Type)

At 325°F (165°C), a fully-cooked bone-in ham takes 15-18 minutes per pound, until a thermometer reads 140°F (60°C) in the…

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How Long to Smoke a Pork Butt (and a Turkey)

Smoke a pork butt for 1.5 to 2 hours per pound at 225°F (107°C), until it reaches 90-96°C (195-205°F) inside and a probe…

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How Long to Boil an Egg — Soft, Jammy, or Hard (and How to Poach One)

Lower large, fridge-cold eggs into simmering water: 6 minutes for soft-boiled (set white, runny yolk), 8 minutes for jammy,…

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How Long to Thaw a Turkey

Thaw a turkey in the fridge at 40°F (4°C), allowing 24 hours for every 2-2.5 kg (4-5 lb) of bird — so a 5.5 kg (12 lb) turkey…

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How Long to Boil Chicken

Boil boneless, skinless chicken breasts for 12-15 minutes, bone-in breasts for 25-30 minutes, bone-in thighs for 30-40…

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How Long to Cook a Turkey

Roast an unstuffed turkey at 325°F (165°C): a 12 lb (5.5 kg) bird takes 3-3¾ hours, and it is done when a thermometer in the…

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How Long to Cook Bacon in the Oven

Bake bacon at 400°F (200°C) for 15-20 minutes — up to 25 minutes for thick-cut — laid in a single layer on a parchment-lined…

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How Long to Bake Lasagna

Bake lasagna at 375°F (190°C) for 45-50 minutes: covered with foil for the first 30 minutes, then uncovered for the last 10-15…

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Pork Chop Internal Temp

Pork chops are safe and at their best at 145°F (63°C), measured in the center away from bone, followed by a 3-minute rest.…

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And when you're ready to cook

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